What is Preeclampsia?
Pregnancy, while often associated with joy and anticipation, can also bring about various health concerns, one of the most significant being preeclampsia.
Preeclampsia, also known historically as toxemia or pregnancy-induced hypertension, is a potentially serious condition that affects pregnant women, typically arising after the 20th week of gestation. It is characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to other organs, most commonly the liver and kidneys. Despite being a leading cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality worldwide, awareness about preeclampsia remains limited. Therefore, understanding this condition and recognizing its symptoms is crucial for early detection and management.
What is Preeclampsia?
Preeclampsia is a complex multisystem disorder unique to pregnancy. While the exact cause is not fully understood, it is believed to stem from abnormal development of the placental attachment to the uterus early in pregnancy. The placenta plays a crucial role in providing nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removing waste products. In preeclampsia, the placenta may not develop properly or function as it should, leading to widespread vascular dysfunction and the release of harmful substances into the maternal bloodstream.
Who Is At Risk For Preeclampsia?
Risk factors for women at high risk include
Preeclampsia in a past pregnancy
Carrying more than one fetus
Chronic high blood pressure
Kidney disease
Diabetes mellitus
Autoimmune conditions, such as lupus
Risk factors for women at moderate risk include
Being pregnant for the first time
Being pregnant more than 10 years after your previous pregnancy
Body mass index (BMI) over 30
Family history of preeclampsia (mother or sister)
Being age 35 or older
Complications in previous pregnancies, such as having a baby with a low birth weight
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Black race (because of racism and inequities that increase the risk of illness)
Lower income (because of inequities that increase the risk of illness)
Source: American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists (ACOG, 2021)
Identifying Symptoms
Recognizing the symptoms of preeclampsia is essential for early intervention and management. While some women may experience obvious signs, others may have subtle or rarely, no symptoms at all. Here are some common symptoms to watch for:
High Blood Pressure: Elevated blood pressure is a hallmark sign of preeclampsia. A blood pressure reading consistently higher than 140/90 mmHg warrants further evaluation, especially if it was previously within the normal range.
Protein presence in the urine (Proteinuria): Another key indicator of preeclampsia. This occurs as a result of kidney damage caused by the disorder. A simple urine test can detect proteinuria, which may present as foamy or bubbly urine.
Swelling: Swelling, particularly in the hands, feet, and face, is a common symptom of preeclampsia. While mild swelling is typical in pregnancy, sudden or excessive swelling should be reported to a healthcare provider.
Headaches: Persistent headaches, especially those that do not respond to over-the-counter medications such as Tylenol, can be a warning sign of preeclampsia. Headaches associated with preeclampsia may be severe and accompanied by visual disturbances.
Vision Changes: Changes in vision, such as blurred vision, sensitivity to light, or seeing flashing lights or spots, may indicate preeclampsia-related eye problems, such as retinal detachment or swelling of the optic nerve.
Abdominal Pain: Pain in the right upper abdomen, just below the ribs, can be a sign of liver involvement in preeclampsia. This pain may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, or other gastrointestinal symptoms.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Pregnant women should seek immediate medical attention and contact their midwife if they experience any of these symptoms or have concerns about their health or the health of their baby. Early detection and prompt management of preeclampsia are critical for preventing complications and ensuring the best possible outcomes for both mother and child.
What Can I Do?
In some cases, low-dose aspirin may reduce the risk of preeclampsia in some women. Talk with your midwife about whether you should take aspirin. Otherwise, by familiarizing yourself with the symptoms of preeclampsia, pregnant women can play an active role in their healthcare and seek early intervention when necessary. Regular prenatal care, including blood pressure monitoring and when indicated, urine testing, is essential for the early detection and management of preeclampsia.
Schedule with your provider for routine check-ups and blood pressure monitoring!
